Handbook of Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials, 2nd ed.

Fundamentals:@ Introduction:U.S. and International Standards:Insulation Systems and Service Life:UL Standards for Insulation Systems:Material Aging and Breakdown:Partial Discharge (Corona):Space Charges:Radiation:Dipole Moment and Polarization:Material Selection Steps:Temperature Index of Dielectric Materials:Standard Tests for Dielectric Materials:SI System for Metric Practice (ASTM E 380):Thermoplastic Molding Compounds:@ Definitions of Terms Relating to Plastics:Plastics Industry:Engineering Thermoplastics:Polymerization:Reinforcements and Fillers:Flame Retardants:Antioxidants:Ultraviolet Stabilizers: Injection Molding Standard Tests:@ Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials for Testing (ASTM D 618):Specific Gravity and Density (ASTM D 792):Dielectric Strength (ASTM D 149):Dielectric Constant, Permittivity, Specific Inductive Capacity (ASTM D 150):Dissipation Factor, Loss Tangent, Tan Delta (8) (ASTM D 150):Electrical Resistance (ASTM D 257):Arc Resistance (ASTM D 495):Water Absorption (ASTM D 570):Deflection Temperature (ASTM D 648):Tensile Properties (ASTM D 638):Izod Impact Resistance (ASTM D 256):Flammability (UL 94):The Oxygen Index (0I) (ASTM D 2863):@:Maximum Service Temperature of Thermoplastic Polymers:Relative Costs of Thermoplastic Polymers:Alloys:Liquid Crystal Polymers (LCPS):Conducting Polymers:Development Programs:Market Trends: Summary of Rankings of Thermoplastic Polymers Principal Thermoplastic Polymers for Electrical/Electronic Uses@ Acetals: Homopolymer:Acetals: Copolymer:Acrylic (PMMA):Amide Polymers: Nylon 6/6:Amide Polymers: Nylon 11:Imide Polymers: Polyamide-Imide (PAl):Imide Polymers: Polyetherimide (PEl):Polyarylate (PAR):Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT):Polycarbonate (PC):Polyetheretherketone (PEEK):Polyphenylene Ether, Modified (PPE):Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS):Polypropylene (PP):Styrenics: Polystyrene (PS):Styrenics: Styrene-Butadiene:Styrenics: Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN):Styrenics: Acrylonitri le-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS):Sulfone Polymers: Polysulfone:Sulfone Polymers: Polyethersulfone (PES):@:Thermosetting Molding Compounds:@ Thermosetting Plastics Consumed in Electrical/Electronic Applications:Polymerization and Polycondensation:Reinforcements and Fillers, Antioxidants, Ultraviolet Stabilizers:Compression Molding:Transfer Molding:Injection Molding:Standard Tests:Relative Costs of Thermosetting Compounds:Development Programs:Market Trends:Ranking of Thermosetting Compounds by Key Properties: Federal Specification MlL-M-14 Principal Thermosetting Compounds for Electrical/Electronic Uses:@ Alkyds/Polyesters:Allyls:Aminos:Epoxies:Phenolics/Furfurals:@:Extrusion Compounds:@ Conductors:Temperature Coefficient of Resistance:Ampacity:Insulated Conductor Design:Flooding and Filling Compounds:Fire Hazards:Treeing:Production Processes for Polymers:Extrusion Process:Standard Tests:UL Standards for Wire and Cable:Comparative Properties of Extruded Insulations:Development Programs: Market Trends Principal Extrusion Polymers for Electrical/Electronic Uses:@ Fluoropolymers:Ethylene Polymers (PE):Propylene Polymers (PP):Polyurethane Polymers (PUR):Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC):Silicone Rubber:Organic Elastomers:@:Embedding Compounds:@ Critical Properties:Fillers:Federal Specification MlL-I-1 6923:ASTM Standard for Embedding Compounds:Embedding Processes:Curing Systems:Development Programs:Market Trends: Comparative Characteristics of Encapsulants Principal Embedding Polymers for Electrical/Electronic Uses@ Epoxies:Polyesters:Polyurethanes (PURs):Silicones:@:Magnet Wire Enamels:@ Coil Manufacture:Bondable Magnet Wire:Magnet Wire Manufacture:NEMA Standard and Federal Specification for Magnet Wires:ASTM Standards for Film-Insulated Magnet Wire:Processing Wire Enamel:Magnet Wire Thermal Classification:Magnet Wire Enamel Testing:Development Programs:Market Trends:Comparative Characteristics of Magnet Wires:Magnet Wire Data: Magnet Wire Manufacturers Basic Wire Enamel Types:@ Plain Enamel:Polyvinyl Formal:Polyurethane (PUR):Nylon:Epoxy:Polyester:Polyamide-Imide (PAl):Polyester-Amide-lmide:Polyester-lmide (PEl):Polyimide (PI):@:Insulating Coatings and Impregnants:@ Suppliers of Coatings and Impregnants:Dielectric Stresses:Critical Properties:Thermal Classification of Coatings and Impregnants:Federal Specifications and Practices:ASTM Standards for Electrical Insulating Varnishes:UL Standard 1446, Systems of Insulating Materials-General:Application Methods:DeveIopment Programs:Market Trends: Inherent Characteristics of Coating and Impregnating Varnishes Principal Types of Coatings and Impregnants:@ Early Oleoresinous Insulating Varnishes:Alkyd Polyesters:Unsaturated Polyesters:Epoxies:Parylene:Phenolics:Polyurethanes (PURs):Silicones:@:Unclad and Clad Structures:@ UNCLAD STRUCTURES:@ Reinforcements:Resins:Development Programs:Market Trends: Principal Unclad Structures for Electrical/Electronic Uses: Unclad High-Pressure Thermoset Laminates:Polyester Glass Mat Laminates:Sheet Molding Compound (SMC):Pultrusion:@:CLAD STRUCTURES:@ Suppliers:Technology:Substrates for Printed Circuits:Semiconductor Silicon:Copper Foils:Adhesives:Covercoats:Multi layer Circuits:Flexible Circuits:Federal Specifications for Printed Circuits:IPC Specifications for Printed Circuits:ASTM Standards for Copper-Clad Thermoset Laminates:UL Standard for Printed Wiring Boards:Development Programs:Market Trends:@:Dielectric Film:@ Technology:ASTM Standard for Testing Films:Federal Specification for Films:Development Programs:Market Trends: Dielectric Films: Cellulose Acetate (CA):Fluoropolymers:Imide Polymers: Polyetherimide (PEl):Imide Polymers: Polyimide (PI):lonomer:Polycarbonate (PC):Polyester (PET):Polyethylene (PE):Polyparabanic Acid (PPA):Polypropylene (PP):Polystyrene (PS):Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC):Sulfone Polymers: Polysulfone:Sulfone Polymers: Polyethersulfone:@:Dielectric Papers and Boards:@ Development Programs: Market Trends Dielectric Papers and Boards@ Cellulose Papers and Boards:Vulcanized Fibre and Fish Paper:Aramid Papers and Boards:Mica Paper:Other Papers and Boards:@:Tapes and Coated Fabric:@ PRESSURE-SENSITIVE TAPES: Suppliers of Pressure-Sensitive Tapes: Technology: Natural and Synthetic Rubber Adhesives:Silicone Rubber Adhesives:Acrylic Adhesives:Block Copolymer Adhesives:@:Processing:Adhesion Tests for Pressure-Sensitive Tapes:Grades:ASTM Standards for Electrical Insulating Pressure-Sensitive Tapes:Federal Specifications for Electrical Insulating Pressure-Sensitive Tapes:UL Standard for Insulating Tapes:Properties:Tape Selection:Electrical/Electronic Uses:Development Programs:Market Trends:@: NONADHESIVE TAPES AND COATED FABRICS: Suppliers of Nonadhesive Tape and Coated Fabrics:Technology:Processing:Grades:ASTM Standards for Nonadhesive Tapes and Coated Fabrics:Federal Specifications for Nonadhesive Tapes and Coated Fabrics:NEMA/lCEA Standard for Varnished Cloth Insulated Wire and Cable:Properties:Electrical/Electronic Uses:Development Programs:Market Trends:@:Tubing and Sleeving:@ INSULATING TUBING:@ Producers of Extruded Tubing UL Approved:Technology:Grades:ASTM Standards for Electrical Insulating Tubing:Federal Specifications for Electrical Insulating Tubing:Properties:Electrical/Electronic Uses:Development Programs:Market Trends:INSULATING SLEEVING:@ Producers of Coated Sleeving UL Approved:Technology:Grades:ASTM Standards for Electrical Insulating Sleeving:Federal Specification for Electrical Insulating Sleeving:Properties:Electrical/Electronic Uses:Development Programs:Market Trends:@:Mica and Mica Products:@ Technology and Grades:Synthetic Mica:Properties:Electrical/Electronic Uses:Built-Up Mica:Mica Paper Products:Thermal Classification of Mica Products:ASTM Standard for Bonded Mica Products:Federal Specifications for Mica Products:Glass-Bonded Mica:Development Programs:Market Trends:Ceramic and Glass Insulations:@ Chemistry:Grades:Processing: ASTM Standards for Electrical Insulating Ceramics Properties:@ Thermal Properties:Physical Properties:Dielectric Properties:@:Summary of Properties and Uses:Development Programs:Market Trends:Dielectric Gases:@ Technology:@ Breakdown in Gases:Paschen's Law:Electrode Condition and Configuration:Conducting Particles:Moisture:@:Chemistry:Grades: ASTM Standards for Dielectric Gases Properties:@ Toxicity:Arcing:Chemical and Thermal Stability:Thermal Properties:Critical Constants:Boiling Temperatures:Dielectric Constant:Compatibility:Availability:@:Properties of SF6:Gas Mixtures:Electrical/Electronic Uses:Development Programs:Market Trends:References for Further Reading:Dielectric Liquids:@ Technology:Chemistry:Grades: Processing Significance of Functional Properties of Mineral Insulating Oil:@ Physical Properties:Dielectric Properties:Chemical Properties:@: ASTM Standards for Dielectric Liquids Properties:@ Toxicity:Flammability:Purity, Inertness, and Chemical and Thermal Stability:Arcing:Water Content:Dielectric Properties:Heat Transfer Rate:Compatibility:Availability and Price:@:Electrical/Electronic Uses:Newer Capacitor Dielectric Liquids:Development Programs:Market Trends:Industry Activities:@ American National Standards Institute (ANSI):American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):Association of Edison Illuminating Companies (AElC):Edison Electric Institute (EEl):Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI):Electrical Apparatus Service Association (EASA):Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding Association (EMCWA):Electronic Industries Association (ElA):Institut De Reserche D'Hydro-Que'bec (I REQ):The Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits (lPC):Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE):Insulated Cable Engineers Association (lCEA):International Conference on Large High Voltage Electrical Systems (CIGRE'):The International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC):National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA):Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE):Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE):Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI):Underwriters Laboratories (UL):Conferences/Symposiums:Publications:Government Activities:@ Worker Safety and Health:Hazard Communication Standard:OSHA Regional Offices:Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA):Federal Air Pollution Program:Federal Water Pollution Program:EPA Regional Offices:National Institute of Standards and Technology (N IST):National Center for Standards and Certification Information (NCSCl):Rural Electrification Administration (REA):U.S. Government Specifications:U.S. Government Printing Office:General Services Administration (GSA):The Naval Publications and Forms Center:Polyamide-Imide Military Specification MlL-P-461 79:Appendix@ Conversion Factors for Frequently Used Units:; Measures and Weights; Pressure; Volume; Density; Temperature Formulas; Temperature Equivalents @ :Industry and Federal Standards and Specifications@ American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Specification; American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards; American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Test Methods; Association of Edison Illuminating Companies (AElC) Standard; Federal (Military) Specifications; Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Circuits (IPC) Specifications; National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)/Insulated Cable Engineers Association (ICEA) Joint Standards Publications; National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Standards