Electrophotography and Development Physics, rev. 2nd Ed.

Technical history; copier market; printer market; alternative powder marking technologies.

The six steps of electrophotography; implementation; interactions; subsystem choices.

Challenges; focus; descriptions.

Metal-metal contact; metal-insulator contact charging; insulator-insulator contact charging; toner-carrier charging.

Development mechanisms-airborne, contact, scavenging, electrode source; experimental work-solid area development, line development, background development; theory-airborne development, contact development.

Qualitative comparison of development mechanisms; the electric field; theories of solid area development-neutralization, field stripping, powder cloud, equilibrium, depletion, "complete theory"; solid area development experiments; line development; background development; improvements.

Initial theoretical ideas; experimental data and discussions; infinitely conductive theory; comparison with experiment; line development; background development.

Induction charging; injection charging; contact charging; corona charging; charging methods for powder coating; other charging methods; traveling electric fields.

Aerosol or powder cloud development; early work; theory of monocomponent development; conductive toner; magnetic; insulative toner; nonmagnetic; insulative toner.

Material requirements; development theories; toner characteristics; recent developments.

History; image quality; gray scale; other challenges.

copier market; printer market; alternative powder marking techniques; magnetography; ionography; transfer and toner adhesion; charge; transfer; clean; toner charging for two component development systems; insulator-insulator contact charging; surface state theory; charge control agents; charge measuring agents; life characteristics; effective dielectric constant; solid area development experiments; background development; infinitely conductive theroy; contact charging; theory of monocomponent development; conductive toner; nonmagnetic, insulative toner; toner charging; recent developments.