Applied Electrostatic Precipitation

::Why an electrostatic precipitator?: K.R. PARKER; Introduction; Control system characteristics; Control operating principles@ Inertial separation; Wet scrubbers; Fabric filter; Electrostatic precipitation @ :Summary of control system properties @ ::Milestones in the history of precipitation: K.R. PARKER; Precipitator installations@ Early investigations and developments; Full-scale precipitator developments @ :Development of electrical supplies@ Rectifier types; Primary control systems; Automatic control systems @ :References @ ::Basic and theoretical operation of ESPs: C. RIEHLE; General remarks; Ion production@ Principles; Corona initiation field strength; Corona onset voltage; Current-voltage relationship; Electrical field distribution @ :Particle charging@ Charging process; Cochet's charging model; Time dependence and saturation charge @ :Particle migration@ Equation of motion; Theoretical migration velocity @ :Measuring and modelling particle separation@ Grade efficiency and total efficiency; Laminar model; Deutsch model; Flow field and particle trajectories; Diffusivity models @ :Deposition; Removal; References @ ::Mechanical design considerations for dry precipitators: F. KNUTTSEN and K.R. PARKER; Introduction; Discharge electrodes; Discharge electrode mounting; Collectors; Casings; Hi gh voltage insulators; Rapping; Hoppers; Electrical clearances; References @ ::Aerodynamic factors affecting performance: L. LIND; Introduction; Turbulence and secondary flow@ Historical resume; Turbulence; Secondary flow; Numerical flow model @ :Gas velocity; Gas distribution@ Standards; Residence time; Space charge; Re-entrainment; Erosion; Sneakage and sweepage; Optimal distribution @ :Model testing; Computational fluid dynamics; Field testing; Dust build-up and wear; References @ ::The physical and chemical properties of particles and their effect on performance: K. PORLE and K.R. PARKER; Particle size and shape@ Particle sizing; Particle shape and structure @ :Agglomeration; Cohesivity; Particle electrical resistivity; Chemical compositon and reactivity; References @ ::Performance design considerations: C. COTTINGHAM; Introduction; What are we trying to achieve? Assessment of the process@ Typical assessment @ :Plate spacing; Configuring the ESP; Conclusions; References @ ::Electrical operation of precipitators: V. REYES; Introduction; Precipitator performance and electrical energization@ Examples @ :Corona suppression and space charge effects@ Electrical characteristics with air load; Characteristics with dust load @ :High tension sectionalization; Traditional DC energization@ Basic principles; High voltage power supply ratings; Influence of the linear inductor @ :Intermittent energization@ Basic principles; Comparison with traditional DC energization; Collection efficiency @ :Automatic voltage control and instrumentation@ Introduction; Instrumentation; Basic control principles; Spark detection and voltage recovery; Back-corona detection and corona power control @ :Pulse energization@ Introduction; Electrical configuration; Main features of pulse energization; Power consumption; Collection efficiency; Applications; Summary @ :Supervisory computer control@ Stand-alone computer; Supervisory computer control via a gateway unit; Advanced control functions @ :Appendix; References @ ::Precipitator sizing methods: C. PAULSON; Theoretical considerations@ Basic dust-collection equation for gas in a duct; Electrostatic precipitation; Improvement of the Deutsch equation; Factors affecting electrostatic precipitation @ :Practical considerations@ Interpretation of test results @ :Precipitator modelling@ Mathematical modelling; Practical testing @ :References @ ::Models of electrostatic precipitators: M. REA; Basic concept@ The Deutsch equation; Charging of particles and the modified Deutsch equation @ :The modern approach to computer modelling@ Early models; Model by Canadas et al.; Modelling at Padova university @ :@ ::Sampling and analysis for particles and heavy metals in gas streams: G.B. NICHOLS and E.B. DISMUKES; Sampling and analysis; Heavy metals@ General considerations; Sampling methods for multiple types of heavy metals; Sampling methods for mercury alone; Metal analysis in the laboratory; Prospects for real-time monitoring @ :References @ ::The commissioning of electrostatic precipitators: D.A. STYLER and J.C. WESTBURY; Introduction; Mechanical commissioning@ Post construction stage; Cold commissioning; Hot commissioning @ :Electrical commissioning@ An overview; Managers and commissioning; Familiarity revisited; The programme ­ who writes the programme and when?; Monitoring @ :Process commissioning@ Hot commissioning; Back to the real world! @ :@ ::Dry type precipitator applications: K. PORLE and K.R. PARKER; Introduction; Power generation industry@ Bituminous coals; Anthracite coals; Subbituminous coals; Brown coals; Lignites; Oil-based fuels @ :The cement industry@ Wet process manufacture; Semi-wet processing; Dry process production plant; Alkali bypass plant; Clinker cooler precipitators; Cement mill precipitators @ :General steam-raising plant@ Moving grate combustors (chain grate, reciprocating and cyclic beds); Fluidised bed units @ :Biomass-fired steam-raising plants@ Wood chip combustion; Chicken litter, etc.; Municipal wastes @ :Iron and steel works@ Sinter plants; Pelletising plants; Steel making; Operations involving the casting of hot metal @ :Non-ferrous industries@ Copper and nickel recovery @ :Aluminium smelting; Paper and pulp industry@ Bark firing; Cellulose pulp production; Lime sludge burning; Magnesium sulphate burning @ :Conclusions; References @ ::The wet electrostatic precipitator: design and applications: K.R. PARKER; Introduction; Design considerations@ Dust deposition and removal @ :Discharge electrodes; High tension insulators; Casing/hopper design; Water treatment; Materials of construction; Electrical energisation; Typical applications of wet precipitators@ Applications in the iron and steel making fields; Applications in the chemical industries; Applications following acid gas scrubbers; Incineration-type processes; HAC discharges; Glass manufacturing; Other applications @ :@ ::The mist precipitator: design and applications: K.R. PARKER; Introduction; Applications of mist precipitators@ Collection of sulphuric acid mist; Gas detarring; Collection of radioactive particles; Other mist precipitator applications @ :Conclusions @ ::Upgrading of existing precipitator efficiencies: @ K.R. PARKER and H. KRIUMONT @ Modifications/changes to existing plant Assessment of required performance improvement; Performance improvement modification options; Alternative solutions@ Electrical; Mechanical changes @ :@ Precipitator improvements achieved by changing the electrical resistivity of the particulates Change of temperature/relative humidity of the gases; Flue gas additives to improve performance @ Theory, principles of operation, equipment and applications of flue gas conditioning (FGC) Introduction; Electrical resistivity@ Prediction of fly ash resistivity; Resistivity effects in ESPs @ :Flue gas conditioning@ Conditioning by sulfur trioxide; Ammonia conditioning; Dual flue gas conditioning; Balance of plant impact @ :Flue gas conditioning equipment@ SO3, FGC systems; Ammonia FGC systems ­ design features; ESP power consumption; Mixing requirements @ :Application of flue gas conditioning in converting hot-side fly ash precipitators to cold-side operation@ Introduction; Flue gas conditioning; Installation design; FGC operation; Economics; Conclusions @ :FGC systems ­ optimization@ General; Theoretical approach; Procedural approach; Statistical approach; Rapper adjustments; Data collection @ :Conclusions; References @ ::Possible future developments in the field of electrostatic precipitation: K.R. PARKER, C. RIEHLE and H. KRIGMONT @ Electrical developments High frequency power conversion or switched mode power supplies; Nanosecond pulse operation and acid gas control @ Use of natural sulphur dioxide as a feed stock for flue gas conditioning systems: flue gas conditioning today and tomorrow Background; 'Native' or 'internal' feed stock FGC technologies@ 'Slip-stream' FGC systems; In-duct FGC systems @ :In-situ: gas conditioning (IGC) approach@ Variable exposed area IGC system; Variable catalyst temperature IGC system @ :Variable flow lGC system; Catalyst selection @ High temperature/high pressure precipitators for advanced power generation systems Fundamentals; Voltage and current; Particle charging; Particle migration; Grade efficiency; Open questions@ Electrical resistivity; Mechanical stability of material; Rapping; Electrical insulation; Emptying of hoppers; Electrical power consumption @ :Symbols; References @ Computer sizing of precipitators @